Annotated+Bibliography


 * [|inpatient drug rehab] 1) "Steroid Use Among Teens (sidebar)." //Issues and Controversies//. Faces on File**
 * News Services, 24 June 2005. Web. 29 Sept. 2010. <[] **
 * article/ib100343>. **

This article entitled, "Steroid Use Among Teens", was found on the Issues & Controversies On File section of  the Facts on File reference database. The inclusion of many surveys results help readers to understand that this article was intended for educational use. Its strong focus on statistics surrounding the recent spike in steroid usage by high schoolers help to support the article's suggestion of high school testing legislation in all 50 states, and not just the six states that currently test high school athletes for steroids. The statistics shown within the article help to show readers that steroids are almost as prevalent and easily obtainable for high school students as other recreational drugs that have been seen within high school populations for years. The juxtaposition between cost for steroids and the cost for the necessary equipment to test for them is shown, helping readers to understand the major dilemma that schools face when deciding to test athletes for steroids. The drugs themselves are available to students for around $20, while school districts will have to pay between $110 and $150 per test, per athlete, this is money that many schools simply do not have within their budgets. This article helped me to realize that I want to narrow my research to the effects that steroids have on high schoolers and the necessary steps that school districts need to take to educate students, coaches, and parents about steroids, as well as the steps that they need to take to prevent their use among their population of student athletes. The many statistical examples lead me to believe that it is a well researched article that adequately addresses my topic. While striving to inform readers of the prevalence of steroids and offering contradictory examples to those found within the main text of the article, the author takes a clear stance in support of steroid testing within high school athletic programs.


 * 2) Vertuno, Jim. "Texas prep steroid testing survives budget cuts." //ABC News// 18 May**
 * 2010: n. pag. Web. 29 Sept. 2010. <[]**
 * steroid-use-in-high-schools.html>.**

This news article entitled, "Texas Prep Steroid Testing Survives Budget Cuts", discusses the recent budget cuts within Texas' program used to conduct steroid testing within high school athletes. Since the program began in 2007, the budget for it has been depleting. Many describe the reason for budget cuts to be the limited number of positive tests that confirmed. Coaches argue that the decreasing number of positive tests can be attributed to a deterrence caused by a fear of being found out. Each year more than 700,000 athletes, mostly football players, are subjected to random testing conducted by the National Center for Drug Free Sport. Athletes who are tested positive are ineligible to practice or play for 30 days,after which they are retested and must be cleared of steroids to play. This article helped to show me the reasons why many people are opposed to testing steroids in high schools. Limited number of athletes test positive, and when this limited number is compared to the amount of student-athletes tested and the money spent on these tests, many believe that school districts and states are wasting tax payer funds. However, this article only shows the evidence of opposition towards testing in Texas. It does not show the feelings of Americans nationwide. Through this article I have realized that I really do want to focus my research on the issue of steroid testing in high schools and how much should, in fact, be spent testing annually.


 * 3) Gonzalez, Alden. "Steroids a growing concern in Florida." //The Gainesville Sun// 10**
 * Apr. 2007: n. pag. Web. 26 Sept. 2010. .**

Within the article author, Alden Gonzalez, evaluates the growing concern over steroids within Florida high schools. Gonzalez introduces the idea that it was "not until this generation have they become so popular among athletes" (Gonzalez).It also discusses the reason why many high schools are hesitant to test for steroids, test costs. Steroid tests can cost between $110 and $500. The cost alone and the small number of positive tests cause states and school districts alike to question the necessity of testing. The first state to test high school athletes for steroids was New Jersey in September of 2006. According to many high school athletes steroids are openly used in high schools, with use taking place in locker and weight rooms, as well as cafeterias. Despite this open use, coaches and athletes are often hesitant to speak up and stop the use. This article was relevant and helpful towards the collection of sources for my topic as it used many interviews with various athletes and coaches from Florida to back up evidence provided that supported or negated steroid testing in high schools. In addition, it helped me to understand that steroid use is something that high school students see take place everyday, but they feel that it is not as serious as other drugs that are also present with high schools. This article also helped to support the suggestion that many states do not require steroid testing within high schools because of the cost of each test and the limited number of positive tests found when compared to the whole.


 * 4) Assael, Shaun. "HIgh School Testing Loses Momentum." //ESPN The Magazine// 5 Mar.**
 * 2009: n. pag. Web. 7 Oct. 2010. .**

"High school testing loses momentum" is an editorial by Shaun Assael. After trying both the ESPN Magazine website and google, I was unable to find anything about Assel. This article discusses the rapid decline of steroid testing numbers within American high schools. Since it was first introduced to high schools four years ago, the necessary funds needed and the "decline" in steroid use has caused testing to be put on the back burner of many school districts priority lists. Only three states continue to run random testing programs, and within tests preformed in New Jersey and Texas a combined eight positive tests were found. Those in support of testing argue that the testing itself is keeping high school athletes from using steroids, while others argue that testing may occur at the wrong time, making it easy for athletes to beat them. New Jersey's testing is confined to the post season and one athlete commented that it is still possible to use steroids in the beginning of the season because if you use them "for three weeks, you put on 30 pounds of muscle. That muscle lasts you a long time" (Assael). Supporter’s fight back saying that high school testing is not meant to be used for surveillance but rather as a deterrent. This article is helpful because it offers unbiased statistics that support both sides of the steroid testing debate and allows the average American to see both sides. Assel is able to educate readers from clear and well-researched view of steroids within the walls of high schools. It also includes quotes from both supporters and non-supporters alike. In addition, this article showed me that I need to research Donald Hooton, an anti-steroid activist from Texas, who plays a major role in high school athlete testing within that state. By researching Hooton I will hopefully find more information regarding the government's stance on high school steroid testing.


 * 5)"Anabolic Steroids." //American College of Sports Medicine//: n. pag. Web. 11 Oct.**
 * 2010. .**

Within the informational article produced by the American College of Sports Medicine is intended to educate Americans about the effects of anabolic steroids are discussed. Used to help to improve athletic performance and appearance, anabolic steroids are synthetic testosterone. Users either orally take or inject these drugs into their systems. Users will experience an extreme increase in their muscle strength and growth. Tests have shown that a majority of high school aged steroid users are not members of school sponsored athletic teams. Steroid use also has some adverse effects. Steroid use has been linked to liver and heart disease, drug dependence, and increased aggression. Female users, however; suffer from the most adverse effects. These effects are also permanent, even after the individual stops using steroids. In young users, steroids have been linked to growth inhibition. This article presents a clear stance against steroid use and is helpful because it discusses the physical effects caused by steroids. The American College of Sports Medicine, is the governing body of Athletic Trainers and Doctors of Sports medicine within the United States, making this an extremely creditable source.


 * 6)Moore, David Leon. "School tackes alarming subject: Steroid Use." //USA Today//.**
 * N.p., 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2010. .**

This USA Today article discusses the alarming rise in steroid use in high school sports. The article starts off telling the story of Greg Benzel, a Northern California football coach who, until last season did not think steroids were a problem on his team. Benzel then received an anonymous email that implicated four of his players as steroid users. Author, David Moore, then connects Benzel's story to the story of many coaches in California, as the state's interscholastic governing body is set to pass new steroid policies. Within the article Moore takes a clear stance against the use of steroids in high school athletics. However, he presents both sides of the testing argument, not clearing favoring either side. Moore than goes on to discuss the idea that many do not or refuse to believe that steroids are an issue within high school sports. This article's use of statistics and interviews makes it of great use to my research. The different opinionated quotations from sources highly fimilar with the subject make it a piece that will be intrigual to figuring out the different sides of the testing debate. David Moore is also a creditable source as he is a veteran writer for USA Today.

This article entitled "Steroids testing in high schools?", introduces the once far fetched vision that every record made by an athlete would fall into question if they were discovered to have used steroids at one point in their career. This scenario, was once, as discussed within this article, only related to the realm of professional athletics and college athletes. However, if Florida's had passed a bill that would require random testing for high school athletes, this scenario would transfer to the baseball diamonds and soccer fields of Floridian high schools. Statistics that show the rise of steroids within high schools are used to back up the author, John Schwarb's clear support of the bill. Schwarb also uses President Bush's 2004 State of the Union address to condemn steroid use. The high cost of testing was also discussed in this article. Testing expenses have been its main deterrent among school districts. Many officials stating the percentage of positive tests is not one to justify monies that could be used for something that would reap immediate benefits. Both the author and the newspaper in which he writes for proves that this article is a creditable source. The St. Petersburg Times is a national recognized newspaper and John Schwarb is one of their veteren writers.However, I will need to preform more background research into finding out if Florida ended up passing this bill, as the article was written prior to Florida's vote. I will be able to use the statistics and opinions found within interviews from this article to support the arguments of both sides of the testing debate for when I am discussing them.
 * 7)Schwarb, John. "Steroids testing in high schools? ." //St. Petersburg Times//**
 * //Online//. St Petersburg Times, 13 Apr. 2004. Web. 1 Oct. 2010.**
 * **.


 * 8)Drug Enforcement Administration. //Steroid Abuse in Today's Society// A Guide for**
 * Understanding Steroids and Related Substances (Mar. 2004). Print.**

This article discusses steroids and their roles in today's society. The issue's universality is also discussed, with statistics used to show the wide-range of users. Anabolic steroids are also given a specific definition within this article, "synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male hormone testosterone" (Steroid Abuse). Possible reasons why steroids are abused is also discussed, the overall consensus being that people desire to enhance their performance, muscle, and reduce body fat. Distributors of steroids are also introduced. Many times illegal steroids are smuggled into the United States from countries in Europe, and in recent years, Mexico. Steroids are either taken as oral supplements or injected intravenously by users. Physical and psychological side effects are also discussed, with the most serious being mood swings and changes to the reproductive systems of both males and females. Statistics are used to show the increased presence of steroids in areas ranging from recreational sports to professional athletes. As this article is produced by the Drug Enforcement Administration, it takes a clear stance against steroid use. It production also serves to be a credible source, as the DEA has access to high level scientific research and government conducted surveys. I will be able to use this article to help to inform people of the side effects and presence of steroids across the country.


 * **9)** || **Friedman, Jackie. "Supporters, opponets debate rpos and cons of state's high**
 * school steroid testing program." //The Star-Leger// 28 Feb. 2010: n. pag. Web.**
 * 25 Oct. 2010. .**

This article tells the story of both sides of the steroid debate in New Jersey, the first state to implement testing at the high school level. These sides are supported by quotations, statistics, figures, and answers to many questions. Jackie Friedman, the article's author, takes no side within the debate and strives to simply let readers know the facts. The arguments of both sides are mostly centered around the cost and effectiveness of the testing program. Friedman also incorporates examples of similar testing programs and their effectiveness from other states to help to illustrate the severity of the issue to readers. I can use this article for its first person responses to steroid testing, and use different cost and statistics data for my fact sheet. Jackie Friedman is an experienced writer, making this source a credible one. ||


 * **10)** || **Associated Press. "Steas consider high school steroid testing." //msnbc//. N.p., 25**
 * Apr. 2005. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. .**

This article written by the Associated Press, making it an extremely creditable source, tells of the different state and federal punishments for steroid users. It is written in a tone that communicates to readers that steroid use is a growing trend that is extremely dangerous, telling of the different health effects such as severe acne, stunted growth, cancer, and stroke. It also includes statistics that discuss the nearly doubled percentage of high schoolers who have admitted to using steroids as compared to the numbers of the early 1990s. I can use the information found within this article to spark discussion in my documentary and for my fact sheet. ||

